Vitalik Buterin is signaling a major reframing of Ethereum’s layer-2 narrative: not the death of rollups, but the end of the idea that L2s are shards whose primary job is scaling the network. With L1 fees now low and gas limit projected to rise sharply in 2026, he argues the rollup-centric roadmap’s original premise no longer fits the reality on the ground.
“Ethereum needs to scale,” he wrote, recapping what he framed as the original thesis. “The definition of ‘Ethereum scaling’ is the existence of large quantities of block space that is backed by the full faith and credit of Ethereum… block space where, if you do things (including with ETH) inside that block space, your activities are guaranteed to be valid, uncensored, unreverted, untouched, as long as Ethereum itself functions. If you create a 10000 TPS EVM where its connection to L1 is mediated by a multisig bridge, then you are not scaling Ethereum.”
Ethereum Layer-2’s Need To ChangeInstead, he sketches a spectrum model: some L2s can be tightly backed by ETH’s security guarantees, while others can be looser and more optional depending on user needs. That spectrum framing implicitly makes room for app-specific chains, different trust models, and non-EVM environments—without forcing them into a single “rollup as shard” storyline.
For L2 teams, Buterin’s guidance is straightforward: stop anchoring your identity on scaling alone. If you’re handling ETH or Ethereum-issued assets, he argues “stage 1 at the minimum” matters; otherwise, you’re effectively operating as “just a separate L1 with a bridge.” The real differentiator, in his view, should be features and properties that a larger L1 still won’t provide—whether that’s specialized execution environments, privacy, sequencing characteristics like ultra-low latency, or non-financial use cases.
That last point is the subtext: he wants a path where trustless verification and interoperability are easier to achieve without a “security council,” and where rollups can add custom features while still anchoring their EVM correctness directly to Ethereum. He also tied this direction to the prospect of synchronous composability: transactions that can safely span L1 and L2 liquidity with tight coupling, referencing ongoing research on combining preconfirmations with based rollups and real-time proving.
Buterin’s conclusion leaves room for uncomfortable outcomes. A permissionless ecosystem will produce chains with “trust-dependent, or backdoored, or otherwise insecure” elements, he wrote, calling that “unavoidable.” The job, as he frames it, is to make guarantees legible to users while strengthening Ethereum’s base layer, suggesting that the next phase of L2 competition may be less about who “scales Ethereum,” and more about who can credibly define, and prove, what they’re actually offering.
At press time, ETH traded at $2,256.
