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When does Hyperinflation occur? What are the main causes of hyperinflation?

By Jerry McNeill
Oct 21, 2022
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在经济学中,恶性通货膨胀非常高,而且往往会加速通货膨胀。那么让我们在一篇文章中讨论一下恶性通货膨胀何时发生以及恶性通货膨胀的主要原因。

我们先来看通货膨胀,通货膨胀是物价的上涨,可以翻译为购买力随着时间的推移而下降。购买力下降的速度可以反映在一段时间内一篮子选定商品和服务的平均价格的上涨。涨价通常以百分比表示,表示实际购买的单位货币低于上期。通货膨胀可以与通货紧缩形成对比,通货紧缩发生在价格下跌和购买力增加时。

恶性通货膨胀何时发生?

当商品和服务的价格每月上涨超过 50% 时,就会发生恶性通货膨胀。按照这个速度,一条面包早上可能要花一个,下午要花更多。恶性通货膨胀非常罕见。2022年,美国经历了通货膨胀加剧;到 2022 年 5 月,消费者价格同比上涨约 8%。虽然这种上升令人担忧,并且确实对许多美国人造成了严重后果,但距离恶性通货膨胀还有很长的路要走。

恶性通货膨胀的主要原因是什么?

恶性通货膨胀有两个主要原因:货币供应增加和需求拉动的通货膨胀。

货币供应量增加:当一个国家的政府开始印钞以支付其支出时发生。随着货币供应量的增加,价格会像正常通货膨胀一样上涨。

需求拉动型通货膨胀:当需求激增超过供应时,价格就会上涨。这可能是由于经济增长导致消费者支出增加、出口突然增加或政府支出增加所致。

有没有导致恶性通货膨胀的案例?

可能导致恶性通货膨胀的一些因素包括高额国债、经济产出下降、出口收入下降、加剧短缺的价格控制以及对政府和经济和政治生活缺乏信心。

恶性通货膨胀的一个例子是 1990 年代后期津巴布韦的危机。从本质上讲,政府开始了一系列土地改革,将现有白人农民的土地重新分配给黑人农民。由于新农民努力生产粮食,粮食生产崩溃了。经济中的商品产出下降,导致银行贷款崩溃。反过来,政府印钞并增加货币供应来解决这个问题。政府不仅印钞以帮助应对经济危机,而且还帮助支付了当时在刚果进行的战争。随着经济下滑,政府债务增加。为了帮助偿还额外的债务,政府不断印钞,导致通胀上升。正因为如此,经济经历了许多商品短缺,

简而言之,当价格在一个月内飙升超过 50% 时,就会发生恶性通货膨胀。导致恶性通货膨胀的主要原因有很多。它也可能发生在经济动荡或萧条时期。

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